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Article · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · September 17, 2026

Integrating Multi-Source Feedback in Computational Design

Francisco Erivaldo Fernandes, Thomas Langerak, Mira Keränen, Danqing Shi, Ardak Alipova, Antti Oulasvirta

Ardak Alipova
Open via DOIPDF

Abstract

In real-world design practice, evaluations rarely rely on a single source of judgment. Designers routinely combine expert opinions, empirical studies, and computational models, each with distinct strengths and limitations. While machine learning offers methods to integrate multiple feedback sources, these approaches remain largely inaccessible to designers without technical expertise. In this paper, we explore how to integrate multiple feedback sources, primarily through: (1) a practical approach for multi-source integration, and (2) its implementation in Muse , a no-code tool that allows designers to combine and balance diverse sources. Our technical findings show that independent modeling of multiple evaluation sources enables exploration across heterogeneous feedback, accommodates different evaluation speeds, surfaces disagreements between sources, and supports an adaptable evaluation setup that designers can reconfigure during their process. In a visualization design study, participants navigated their own judgments alongside simulator feedback, reporting a perception of enhanced confidence and flexibility. Our results highlight the viability of multi-source integration to support computational design, offering a step toward bridging the gap between advanced optimization methods and design practice.

Data Visualization and AnalyticsArchitecture and Computational DesignInnovative Human-Technology Interactioncomputational designMusesdesign evaluation

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