Cyber-Resilience of Decentralized Cyber-Physical Systems: A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Mapping Review, Taxonomy, and Evidence-Based Assessment Framework

Abstract

eview question / Objective Review objective: To systematically map, classify, and critically assess existing approaches to cyber-resilience in decentralized cyber-physical systems (CPS), with particular emphasis on multivector cyberattacks, detection and mitigation mechanisms, resilient control and consensus methods, validation environments, and evidence quality.P (Population/Problem): Decentralized and distributed cyber-physical systems, including multi-agent CPS, industrial CPS, energy systems, autonomous systems, and related networked infrastructures.I (Intervention): Cyber-resilience mechanisms, including attack detection, anomaly detection, resilient consensus, secure and fault-tolerant control, mitigation, recovery, and adaptive protection techniques.C (Comparator): Conventional centralized or nonresilient approaches, baseline methods, alternative protection mechanisms, or cases without protection, where such comparisons are reported.O (Outcomes): Detection performance, falsepositive/false-negative rates, response time, system safety, stability, service availability, resilience, recovery, robustness, communication performance, and quality of experimental validation.S (Study design): Simulation studies, experimental testbeds, real-world case studies, digital-twin studies, and other empirical evaluations relevant to decentralized CPS cybersecurity.The review further aims to identify research gaps and to develop an evidence-based assessment framework for comparing cyber-resilience approaches in decentralized CPS.Rationale Decentralized cyber-physical systems are increasingly used in critical and distributed infrastructures, where cyberattacks can propagate across communication, control, sensing, and decision-making layers.Existing studies address individual threats and protection mechanisms, but

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